'Express lanes' for ions: By aligning carbon nanotubes in electrodes, researchers boost performance

Actuators are devices that convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, such as the battery-powered device inside a cell phone that causes the phone to vibrate. When this process is reversed -- when a device converts mechanical energy into electrical energy -- the device is called an energy harvester, and that electrical energy is often stored for future use. An example would be a device inside a pacemaker that converts mechanical energy created by the motion of a pair of breathing lungs into electrical energy that can be used to charge the pacemaker’s batteries.

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