Independence Of Frequency And Amplitude Shifts In An Urban Songbird's Vocalizations

Songbirds in urban areas are known to vocalize at a higher pitch to avoid being "masked" by anthropogenic sounds; they are also known to vocalize more loudly, an acoustic alteration known as the Lombard effect. But do these patterns represent two separate responses to human noise, or can they both be traced back to the same source--a general constriction of the muscles used when producing songs and calls?(An Oregon dark-eyed junco, Junco hyemalis thurberi) read more

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